He quotes J. B. S. Haldane:
I am not myself a materialist because if materialism is true, it seems to me that we cannot know that it is true. If my opinions are the result of chemical processes going on in my brain, they are determined by the laws of chemistry, not those of logic.
Flew says Haldane later repudiated this line of reasoning. Nonetheless, let's try to lay it out logically.
Naturalism is self-defeating, version 1 (NSD1):
- My opinions are either the result of chemical processes or logical processes.
- If naturalism is true, then my opinions are the result of chemical processes.
- Therefore, if naturalism is true, my opinions are not the result of logical processes.
Flew goes on to say that Popper gave a different version of Haldane's argument.
...if "scientific" determinism is true... we believe it,not because we freely judge the arguments or reasons in its favour to be sound, but because we happen to be so determined (so brainwashed) as to believe it....
Flew elaborates that the question has now become
...whether we could by any means have believed other than we did. Unless we could we cannot take credit for having, as rational beings, judged that these beliefs are true.
Let's call this
Naturalism is self-defeating, version 2 (NSD2):
- If naturalism is true, the world is deterministic.
- If the world is deterministic, then our beliefs are determined by things outside our control.
- If our beliefs are determined by things outside our control, then we could not have believed otherwise than we did.
- If we could not have believed otherwise than we did, then our beliefs are not the result of a rational judgment.
- If our beliefs - specifically, our belief in naturalism - are not the result of a rational judgment, then there is no rational reason to go on believing in naturalism.
Flew appears to accept this version of the argument:
...naturalism is in this way refuted in as much as such a naturalist can be taken, as surely he must be, to be claiming nothing more nor less than to know that his scientifically grounded naturalism is nothing more nor less than true.
I find this sentence confusing and cluttered, so let's redact the unneccessary verbiage:
...naturalism is in this way refuted in as much as such a naturalist can be taken to be claiming to know that his scientifically grounded naturalism is true.In his Epilogue to the chapter, however, Flew clarifies that this is only the case if the words "explain naturalistically" are taken to mean an explaining away of the phenomena. For Flew, on the contrary,
...explanations of the physical aspects of the behavior of these organisms in terms of physical causes are not necessarily irreconcilable rivals to explanations of other aspects of that behavior in irreducibly different terms.It seems to me, though, that Flew concedes too much. NSD2 fails on several counts. First of all, Premise (1.) is simply false: our best accounts of the fundamental workings of the physical universe are not deterministic. Secondly, even if Premise (1.) should somehow turn out to be true, the rest of the argument suffers from the same issues as the Consequence Argument - specifically, the fatalism fallacy.
So, I don't see any reason to accept either version of NSD.
That's a good take on the whole thing, I've often encountered this argument but it's hard to pinpoint exactly what's wrong with it. Only when the top version was written out did it become obvious.
ReplyDeleteThere is also a connection to discussions about AI, dualism and consciousness -- a similar argument is "computers can't be conscious since they only manipulate symbols", which has the same form as premise 1 at the top.
Interesting. Nice to see the arguments laid out in that fashion. I would take it that P4 in NSD2 is the most contentious. Again, it seems to me like a potentially false dichotomy.
ReplyDeleteAnd, of course, anyone who is versed in the free will debate could object to aspects of the other premises, as you note.
EDIT: I see you have it all nicely covered in your post on the consequence argument.
I should mention a more recent version of the claim by Plantinga, known as the "Evolutionary argument against Naturalism," see
ReplyDeletehttp://www.calvin.edu/academic/philosophy/virtual_library/articles/plantinga_alvin/naturalism_defeated.pdf
Plantinga claims that if naturalistic evolution is true then it is improbable that our cognitive faculties would be reliable. I'm not going to even try to summarize this one, let alone answer it, but the professionals are already on the job:
http://www.jstor.org/pss/40024308